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perf(analysis): geodesic buffers take each vertex back once and look at fewer edges, on all cores - #1248
Nearly all of a geodesic buffer's time went to the geodesic solves that take the plane's points back to lon/lat: about 160 for a point's 33-vertex circle. Each vertex went back twice, and every edge longer than STRAY_PER_M2 allows (a 5 km circle's edges included) got three more probe solves. This PR makes three changes:
Each vertex goes back to lon/lat once, and split carries each point with its lon/lat.
Before probing, may_stray bounds how far an edge can stray at its latitude and distance from the plane's centre. A rhumb line runs off the geodesic by about L² tan φ / 8R, and an edge straight in the plane turns from it by about ρ / 3R on the sphere, which the bound takes as 2ρ / R. Where the bound is under the tolerance, the probe solves are skipped.
Buffer makes its features' buffers on up to 16 threads when there are 256 or more, keeping their order. The browser build stays on one thread, and a part whose thread can't start runs on the calling thread.
The output doesn't change: see Testing.
Testing
Output compared byte for byte with main (67b6bf9, which includes #1245), as WKB of every output feature:
30,000 random points at 5 km.
A global mix of 600 points, 150 lines and 150 polygons, near the poles and across the antimeridian, at 0.5, 5, 200, 2,000 and 5,000 km.
Speed, Buffer at 5 km on random points (GeoPackage, release CLI, Xeon Silver 4114 with 40 threads, load included, best of two runs). The QGIS column is QGIS 4.2.3 native:buffer in UTM 32N with 5 segments, read and write included (setup in #1227):
Points
main
This PR, one core
This PR, all cores
QGIS 4.2.3
1,000
0.13 s
0.047 s
0.032 s
0.05 s
10,000
1.04 s
0.23 s
0.09 s
0.34 s
30,000
3.06 s
0.65 s
0.15 s
1.1 s
100,000
10.1 s
2.10 s
0.35 s
5.8 s
On the global mix, a buffer on one core is 5 to 6 times faster at every distance.
New tests:
an_edge_let_pass_by_its_latitude_does_not_stray: for latitudes 84°S to 84°N, edges of 100 m to 1,000 km in eight directions, offsets up to 5,000 km (to the side and at 45°) and the tolerances of buffers from 100 m to 5,000 km, every edge may_stray lets pass is one the full probe check also finds doesn't stray. It fails with the plane term cut to a tenth of its value.
Also run: cargo fmt --check, cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets -D warnings, cargo test --workspace (except two tests that fail only on this machine: GDAL and a damaged-shapefile test), the engine's eight hostile_params_never_panic shards, and cargo xtask layers.
Geodesic buffering now processes multiple features together and can use parallel processing for larger workloads, which may improve performance when buffering many features.
Bug Fixes
Buffer results remain matched to their corresponding features, including when processing in parallel. Features without geometry or without a successful buffer result continue to be omitted.
…at fewer edges, on all cores
Nearly all of a buffer's time went to geodesic solves taking the plane's
points back to lon/lat: about 160 for a point's 33-vertex circle. Each
vertex was taken back twice (once as an edge's end, again for the ring),
and every edge longer than STRAY_PER_M2 allows, a 5 km circle's included,
was looked at with three more.
- Each vertex is taken back to lon/lat once, and `split` carries each
point with its lon/lat.
- Before looking, `may_stray` bounds how far the edge can stray at its
latitude and distance from the plane's centre: a rhumb line runs off the
geodesic by about L² tan φ / 8R, and an edge straight in the plane turns
from it by about ρ / 3R on the sphere (taken as 2ρ / R). A test over
latitudes, edge lengths, directions, offsets (to the side and oblique)
and buffer distances checks that every edge it lets pass doesn't stray;
it fails with the plane's coefficient at a tenth.
- Buffer makes its features' buffers on up to 16 threads when there are
256 or more (one in the browser), in their order; a part whose thread
can't start is made on the calling thread.
The buffers are byte for byte the same: 30,000 points at 5 km, and a
global mix of 900 points, lines and polygons at 0.5, 5, 200, 2,000 and
5,000 km.
Buffer, 5 km, 100,000 points, with opengeos#1245 (release CLI, 40 threads):
10.2 s before, 2.09 s on one core, 0.36 s on all. Part of opengeos#1227.
No actionable comments were generated in the recent review.
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crates/analysis/src/geodesic.rs
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Walkthrough
The geodesic buffer implementation now caches coordinate conversions, adds a conservative edge-stray check, and supports batched buffering. The buffer tool submits selected geometries as a batch and pairs returned buffers with their features.
Changes: Geodesic buffer processing
Layer / File(s)
Summary
Coordinate caching and edge checks crates/analysis/src/geodesic.rs
Ring processing carries cached lon/lat coordinates through splitting. A conservative precheck can skip the detailed stray check. Tests compare skipped cases with the detailed check.
Batch API and buffer tool crates/analysis/src/geodesic.rs, crates/analysis/src/tools.rs
geodesic_buffers preserves input order and uses parallel processing for larger inputs. The buffer tool batches selected geometries, skips missing geometries and None results, and pairs buffers with their features. Tests compare batched and individual results.
opengeos/RustGIS#1207 — Changes edge splitting and densification in the same buffer pipeline.
Suggested reviewers:mavrick-f, giswqs
Merge Risk: Low · up to 5e719
Mergeable with awareness that parallel buffering increases transient memory use. Complex layers under tight memory limits remain a bounded concern; smaller work batches would also improve balancing for clustered expensive features.
Pre-merge checks: 4 · 1
Failed checks: 1 warning
Check name
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Explanation
Resolution
Docstring Coverage
Docstring coverage is 66.67% which is insufficient. The required threshold is 80.00%. Docstring coverage is scoped to functions touched by this diff with cyclomatic complexity of at least 2. Documenta…
Write docstrings for the functions missing them to satisfy the coverage threshold.
Passed checks: 4 passed
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Explanation
Title check
The title clearly identifies the main performance changes: fewer geodesic solves, fewer edge checks, and parallel processing.
Description check
The description includes all required sections and provides detailed change context, testing results, UI evidence, and the related issue.
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Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Out of Scope Changes check
Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Full details: Docstring Coverage
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Docstring coverage is 66.67% which is insufficient. The required threshold is 80.00%. Docstring coverage is scoped to functions touched by this diff with cyclomatic complexity of at least 2. Documentation-only edits and deletions within surviving functions are included; unchanged diff context and fully deleted functions are excluded. Analyzed 9 functions across 2 files.
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Write docstrings for the functions missing them to satisfy the coverage threshold.
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A rabbit checks each winding line, And caches points along the way. The buffers queue, then run in rows, Their order kept from first to last. The rabbit hops through fields of maps, And leaves neat circles in the grass.
Bugs. No defect confirmed by reading. The split refactor keeps the same boundaries. Recursion is bounded by MAX_SPLITS and the budget, and the thread join and re-raise path is sound.
Security. None found. Thread count is capped at 16 and the wasm build stays single-threaded.
Performance
Fixed contiguous chunks give each thread a fixed slice of the features, so skewed inputs (expensive features clustered together) will not parallelise well. The benchmark used uniform random points, which hides this. Confidence: medium. (Inline comment posted on geodesic.rs.)
Quality
The threaded test only exercises threads on multi-core machines, and nothing covers the spawn-failure fallback or the panic re-raise. Suggested a buffers_on(threads) seam so tests can force the thread count. Confidence: medium. (Inline comment posted.)
The buffer tool's two collects can be one chain. Nit. (Inline suggestion posted.)
Spawned threads get the default 2 MiB stack, while the caller may have more. I could not check how deep geo's buffer and overlay recursion goes, so this is unverified. The repo sets explicit stack sizes elsewhere (data/src/xml.rs). Confidence: low.
The may_stray doc says the latitude is "plus its length", but the code adds length / R radians. Nit.
The output-identity claim is empirical. la/lb now come from inverse(b) directly, not inverse(a + 1.0·(b−a)), so results can differ by an ulp in rare cases. Confidence: low.
AGENTS.md
No unwrap, expect, panic!, or unsafe added. resume_unwind re-raises a worker panic rather than introducing a new one.
No layering or wasm breakage that I can see. cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") keeps the browser on one thread.
No new user-visible strings or notices.
Unverified.may_stray is a heuristic bound. The new test checks it against strays, which is itself a sampled probe at quarter points and the midpoint. So the test cannot catch a stray that falls between sample points, and the bound's safety rests on the constants and the argument in the comments. I could not run tests here, so the PR's byte-for-byte and speed claims are unverified.
Prior reviews. None on this PR. I left 0 earlier concerns alone.
Change size
Compared with main (merge base 67b6bf9 to PR head f10d368).
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Actionable comments posted: 1
Fix comments: Fix CodeRabbit comments on this PR
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Inline comments:
Review comments at @crates/analysis/src/geodesic.rs:
- Around line 98-99: Update geodesic_buffers to limit concurrent geodesic_buffer
work based on estimated feature size, reducing the number of active workers for
large or complex inputs while retaining parallel processing for smaller
features.
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Each thread took one fixed block of the features, so expensive features
lying together (a few large polygons, a layer sorted by region) left one
thread with most of the work. Threads now take the next 16 features from
a shared counter until none are left, the calling thread among them, and
the results go back in their places. A thread that can't start leaves
its share to the others; threads get an 8 MiB stack.
`buffers_on` takes the thread count, so the test checks 1, 3 and 16
threads on any machine, fewer features than threads, and none.
I read the diff against the surrounding geodesic.rs and tools.rs. I could not compile or run tests in this environment, so the points below come from reading the code. The threaded path keeps the output identical to the serial one, and buffers_on correctly places results by index, guarded by get. The main concerns are the may_stray bound's sampled test coverage and a few guideline points.
Bugs
No new bug found. The split refactor keeps the old decision order. may_stray returns true for non-finite inputs and for latitudes of 89° and above, so it can only skip looking where the bound says a stray is impossible. Confidence: medium.
Security
None found. The thread count is capped at 16, batch indexing uses get, and the buffer tool's distance limit still applies.
Performance
select_by_location (tools.rs:2186) still buffers its selectors one at a time with geodesic_buffer. geodesic_buffers could serve it too, but that is a follow-up, not a blocker. Confidence: high.
Quality
EARTH_R_M duplicates rustgis_geom::EARTH_RADIUS_M with the same value. Suggestion posted. Confidence: high.
The unnamed 0.1 in may_stray should be a named constant. Confidence: medium.
The new constants PARALLEL_FEATURES, BATCH and STACK_BYTES sit mid-file (geodesic.rs:80-86), while the other module constants are at the top. Nit. Confidence: high.
AGENTS.md
resume_unwind is a panic in non-test code. Re-raising matches a serial run and analysis::run catches it, so the behaviour looks right, but the exception should be stated where it is. Confidence: low.
The buffer loop still drops features with no geometry without a notice. This is pre-existing, but the PR rewrites that loop. Confidence: medium.
Test coverage: may_stray soundness rests on an_edge_let_pass_by_its_latitude_does_not_stray, a coarse grid that never reaches beyond ±84° or the 85.05° Web Mercator limit. The plane term PLANE_TURN * rho / R is justified in prose only. Randomised edges across the full latitude range would catch a regression in the bound. Confidence: medium.
The buffer tool's own threaded path is untested. Nothing checks that geoms.iter().zip(buffers) keeps attributes with their buffers at 256 or more features. Confidence: medium.
I left 4 earlier concerns alone: the test-coverage and load-balancing threads (both fixed in 5e71908), the chained-collect nit (applied), and the memory-peak thread (the author answered it, and I have no new evidence).
Change size
Compared with the base branch: the whole PR against main (merge base 67b6bf9 to PR head 5e71908).
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Summary
Nearly all of a geodesic buffer's time went to the geodesic solves that take the plane's points back to lon/lat: about 160 for a point's 33-vertex circle. Each vertex went back twice, and every edge longer than
STRAY_PER_M2allows (a 5 km circle's edges included) got three more probe solves. This PR makes three changes:splitcarries each point with its lon/lat.may_straybounds how far an edge can stray at its latitude and distance from the plane's centre. A rhumb line runs off the geodesic by about L² tan φ / 8R, and an edge straight in the plane turns from it by about ρ / 3R on the sphere, which the bound takes as 2ρ / R. Where the bound is under the tolerance, the probe solves are skipped.The output doesn't change: see Testing.
Testing
Output compared byte for byte with
main(67b6bf9, which includes #1245), as WKB of every output feature:Speed, Buffer at 5 km on random points (GeoPackage, release CLI, Xeon Silver 4114 with 40 threads, load included, best of two runs). The QGIS column is QGIS 4.2.3
native:bufferin UTM 32N with 5 segments, read and write included (setup in #1227):mainOn the global mix, a buffer on one core is 5 to 6 times faster at every distance.
New tests:
an_edge_let_pass_by_its_latitude_does_not_stray: for latitudes 84°S to 84°N, edges of 100 m to 1,000 km in eight directions, offsets up to 5,000 km (to the side and at 45°) and the tolerances of buffers from 100 m to 5,000 km, every edgemay_straylets pass is one the full probe check also finds doesn't stray. It fails with the plane term cut to a tenth of its value.buffers_made_on_several_threads_are_the_ones_made_alone_in_order.Also run:
cargo fmt --check,cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets -D warnings,cargo test --workspace(except two tests that fail only on this machine: GDAL and a damaged-shapefile test), the engine's eighthostile_params_never_panicshards, andcargo xtask layers.UI evidence
None (no UI change).
Related issue
Part of #1227.
Summary by CodeRabbit