BitIodine

A Bitcoin blockchain parser and address clusterizer written in Rust.

BitIodine indexes raw blk*.dat files produced by bitcoind, selects a connected chain, then parses it in height order. Supply --chain-tip with a block hash accepted by Bitcoin Core to anchor the analysis to that chain; otherwise it selects the candidate with the most cumulative work among the supplied blocks. Its extensible Visitor pattern supports address balances, OP_RETURN extraction, and co-spend clustering using Union-Find.

CLI clustering stores UTXOs and Union-Find state in SQLite, commits each completed block, and resumes automatically on subsequent runs. Recent chain reorganizations are rolled back; reorganizations beyond retained undo history trigger a fresh replay from genesis.

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Features & Modern bitcoind Compatibility

BitIodine supports legacy and SegWit transaction serialization, including Bitcoin Core's xor.dat block-file obfuscation. It analyzes trusted Bitcoin Core mainnet data; it does not validate proof of work, scripts, difficulty transitions, or the full consensus rules. Block files can retain invalid candidates, so cumulative-work selection alone does not establish Core's active chain. Supply a trusted --chain-tip (for example, a captured bitcoin-cli getbestblockhash result) and analyze a consistent snapshot containing that block and its complete ancestry. Without an explicit tip, selection reflects only the supplied blocks, and equal-work best tips cause traversal to fail.

Supported Script & Address Formats

Script Type	Standard	Address Prefix	Status
Pay-to-Pubkey (P2PK)	Legacy (Genesis)	1... public-key identifier	✅ Supported, including valid legacy hybrid keys
Pay-to-PubkeyHash (P2PKH)	Legacy	1... (Base58)	✅ Supported
Pay-to-ScriptHash (P2SH)	BIP-16	3... (Base58)	✅ Supported
P2SH-wrapped SegWit (P2SH-P2WPKH / P2SH-P2WSH)	BIP-141 / BIP-143	3... (Base58)	✅ Supported
Native SegWit v0 (P2WPKH)	BIP-141 / BIP-173	bc1q... (Bech32)	✅ Supported
Native SegWit v0 (P2WSH)	BIP-141 / BIP-173	bc1q... (Bech32)	✅ Supported
Taproot / SegWit v1 (P2TR)	BIP-341 / BIP-350	bc1p... (Bech32m)	✅ Supported
Future SegWit Witness Programs (v2–v16)	BIP-141 / BIP-350	bc1... (Bech32m)	✅ Supported
Bare Multisig (OP_CHECKMULTISIG)	Legacy / BIP-11	M-of-N public keys	✅ Supported
Null Data (OP_RETURN)	Legacy / null data	Empty, single, or multiple pushed payloads	✅ Supported, including PUSHDATA1/2/4 and numeric markers
Timelock and other nonstandard scripts	BIP-65 / BIP-112, others	No inferred standard destination	Heuristic classification only

Core Parser Capabilities

• ⚡ Indexed Chain Traversal: Indexes block headers and disk offsets before visiting the requested tip's ancestry or the most-work candidate. File reads use owned decoding buffers; transaction and script views borrow those buffers. CLI clustering bounds the in-memory index and keeps growing UTXO and cluster state on disk.
• 💾 Resumable Clustering: SQLite transactions preserve completed blocks across restarts, with 144 blocks of undo history for automatic reorg recovery. Page caching and disk spill avoid keeping the full clustering state in RAM.
• 👥 Heuristic Address Clustering: Multi-input clustering with rank-based Union-Find (DisjointSet), iterative path compression, and a filter for transactions with three or more identical nonzero output values. This filter does not reliably identify collaborative transactions: Payjoin and other patterns can cause false merges, and ordinary equal-value batches can be skipped. Cluster membership is evidence of possible common ownership, not proof.
• 🧩 Pluggable Visitor Architecture: Clean BlockChainVisitor trait to write custom analyzers, heuristics, and indexers.
• 🛡️ Established Hashing and Work Arithmetic: Uses sha2 and ripemd for hashes and bitcoin for target/work arithmetic.
• 🖥️ CLI with Dynamic Action Selection: Run any visitor directly from the command line without recompiling.

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Node Requirements & Prerequisites

Use a stopped-node copy or a filesystem snapshot of the Bitcoin Core blocks directory. The header index and subsequent traversal must see consistent file contents. Ordinary file reads avoid mmap safety requirements; they do not make a changing dataset an atomic snapshot.

1. Unpruned Node Required:
   • The source node must retain the complete history (prune=0).
   • Pruned nodes delete early blk*.dat files (blk00000.dat onwards), preventing full historical analysis from Genesis.
2. Default Block Paths:
   • Linux: ~/.bitcoin/blocks/
   • macOS: ~/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/blocks/
   • Windows: %APPDATA%\Bitcoin\blocks\

For a custom location such as /var/lib/bitcoind/blocks/, pass --blocks-dir explicitly. Keep xor.dat alongside the block files if the source directory contains it. Selected files must be regular files with consecutive numbers starting at blk00000.dat; discovery reports missing files and invalid XOR keys as errors.

Memory and Disk Requirements

At startup, CLI clustering sets its allocation budget to 80% of detected available RAM, with no fixed upper ceiling. On Linux, available memory also accounts for cgroup headroom. Half of the budget goes to SQLite, whose LRU page-cache target uses 75% of that half; 128 MiB is reserved for other work, and the remainder bounds file discovery, the header index, chain selection, and block decoding. SQLite enforces a heap limit, disables memory mapping, and spills dirty pages and temporary work to disk. Startup fails when the resulting total budget is below 512 MiB; traversal fails before its conservative allocation estimate would exceed its assigned budget.

When the calculated budget is below 32 GiB, the CLI warns that performance may be poor or clustering may fail due to insufficient memory. This warning does not change the 80% budget. Disk-backed clustering can run on machines with 32 GiB or less, provided the selected chain's header index fits its budget. The database, indexes, and recent undo records still need substantial disk space and grow with the dataset; an SSD is helpful. These are startup allocation limits, not a process-wide OS memory limit or protection against other processes consuming available RAM later. dump-balances and the original library Clusterizer retain growing state in memory; the CLI clustering policy does not bound those analyzers.

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Building

Requires Rust 1.85 or later. Cargo.lock is tracked, and CI tests Rust 1.85 and current stable on Linux, plus current stable on Windows (MSVC).

cargo build --locked --release

The optimized executable will be located at target/release/bitiodine.

The CLI enables jemalloc by default on targets that support it. MSVC targets (Windows with the default toolchain) always use the system allocator. To build with the system allocator elsewhere, add --no-default-features.

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Usage

./target/release/bitiodine --help

Option	Meaning	Default
-b, --blocks-dir <BLOCKS_DIR>	Source blocks directory	Platform-specific path above
-o, --output <OUTPUT>	CSV destination for clusterizer and dump-balances	clusters.csv (clusterizer), balances.csv (dump-balances)
-a, --action <ACTION>	Visitor to run; choices listed below	clusterizer
--max-blocks <MAX_BLOCKS>	Maximum number of block files, not blocks or a height	0 (all files)
--chain-tip <CHAIN_TIP>	End traversal at this independently accepted block hash	Most-work connected candidate
--checkpoint-dir <CHECKPOINT_DIR>	Persistent SQLite working directory; rejected for actions other than clusterizer	Output path with .state appended, e.g. clusters.csv.state
-v, -vv	Debug or trace logging	Info logging
-h, --help	Show help
-V, --version	Show version

An explicit tip and every ancestor must be present in the selected files. Combining --chain-tip with a file limit that excludes that ancestry fails. The file limit alone does not identify a Core-accepted chain or a specific block height.

Available Actions

Action	Description	Output
clusterizer (default)	Resumes persistent co-spend clustering using a common-ownership heuristic	CSV (<address>,<representative_address>), no header
dump-balances	Calculates balances from surviving address-associated UTXOs	CSV (<balance_btc>,<identifier_hash>,<address>)
dump-addresses	Prints recognized output addresses and public-key identifiers; duplicates are retained	Stdout, one per line
dump-tx-hashes	Prints block summaries and transaction IDs at heights above 480,000 divisible by 1,000	Stdout
dataoutput-finder	Streams OP_RETURN payloads or complete multi-push scripts	Stdout CSV (<txid>,<vout>,<payload>), no header
donation-finder	Streams positive-value donation or unknown-script candidates	Stdout CSV (<txid>,<vout>,<satoshis>,<script_hex>), no header
merkle	Verifies each selected block's transaction Merkle root against its header; a mismatch reports the block hash, height, and both roots	Logs

P2PK outputs and bare-multisig participants use P2PKH identifiers derived from their public keys when extracting addresses; those identifiers are not the original output scripts. Bare-multisig pushes that are not well-formed public keys (for example, data chunks in data-carrying multisig) get no identifier. Balances and clustering recognize exact standard single-destination scripts and P2PK; they do not assign one owner to bare multisig. As in Bitcoin Core, P2SH and witness outputs are recognized from the script alone, including outputs created before BIP16 or SegWit activated. Clustering only uses inputs whose spend had to satisfy the output's key or script under the rules of the spending block: P2SH from BIP16 (block time 1333238400 or later), native and P2SH-wrapped SegWit v0 from height 481,824, and Taproot from height 709,632. Earlier spends of those output types, and spends of other witness versions, required no signature and are ignored. The mainnet genesis coinbase is excluded from balances, and overwritten historical duplicate coinbases replace prior UTXO credits. A successful command exits zero only after traversal, visitor finalization, and output flushing succeed; failed runs may have streamed partial stdout or updated visitor state.

Cluster and balance CSV rows are unsorted. Cluster representatives are canonical address identifiers selected using the address type's ordering; only addresses participating in eligible merges appear in the cluster export. Balance rows have no header, omit zero balances, and format BTC values to eight decimal places. Their identifier_hash is the Base58 address's HASH160, or forty zero hex digits for witness addresses; use the full address column as the identifier.

CSV exports reject destinations that alias source block files or xor.dat, including symlinks and hardlinks. They are written to a temporary file beside the destination (.bitiodine-<pid>-<n>.tmp) and published by rename only after writing and synchronization succeed, preserving previous results on write failure. The temporary file is created before traversal, so an unwritable output directory fails immediately; it is removed when the run fails. Source aliases are rejected even when a file limit excludes the source file from traversal.

Finder output uses zero-based transaction output indexes. For bare OP_RETURN or a single push, the third field remains the payload in lowercase hexadecimal (empty for bare OP_RETURN). For multiple pushes it is script:<complete_script_hex>, including OP_RETURN; this preserves push boundaries, numeric markers, and opcode encodings. Malformed or non-push tails are not extracted. All logging goes to stderr, so stdout from the extraction actions can be redirected independently.

Resuming and Recovering from Reorgs

The default clustering action creates clusters.csv.state/ beside clusters.csv. Use --checkpoint-dir to keep the working database at a different location or to reuse it when changing the CSV destination. The directory contains clusters.sqlite3, SQLite journal files, and an exclusive cluster.lock; one process can use a state directory at a time. The database records the clustering heuristic version; state written under different clustering or classification rules is rejected with an "incompatible network or clustering heuristic" error instead of being resumed. Delete the state directory to rebuild it.

Each block's UTXO changes, cluster merges, undo records, and height/hash are committed together after parsing and source checks succeed. An interrupted or failed block is rolled back, while earlier committed blocks remain available for the next run. CSV export happens after traversal and is published atomically, so an export failure preserves the previous CSV and does not discard completed database work.

On restart, BitIodine reindexes the selected files and compares the persisted block hashes with the selected chain. It resumes after the last committed block when ancestry still matches. Otherwise it restores the common ancestor using up to 144 blocks of retained undo records and processes the replacement branch. If the required undo records have expired, it clears derived state and automatically replays from genesis. Reopening at the already completed tip skips transaction replay and exports the saved result.

Recovery operates between runs against consistent source snapshots. It does not watch a live node, obtain a validated tip, or make changing block files safe to analyze. Continue to supply an independently accepted --chain-tip and all of its ancestors. Keep the working state outside the Bitcoin Core data directory; it contains derived data, never a replacement for the source blocks.

Examples

Capture an accepted tip while Bitcoin Core is available:

BITIODINE_TIP="$(bitcoin-cli getbestblockhash)"

Stop the source node cleanly or obtain a consistent snapshot that contains that tip and its ancestors. Replace the placeholder below with the resulting blocks directory; preserve its xor.dat if present.

BITIODINE_BLOCKS=/path/to/blocks-snapshot
./target/release/bitiodine -b "$BITIODINE_BLOCKS" \
  --chain-tip "$BITIODINE_TIP" -o clusters.csv

Rerun the same command after an interruption, or with a newer consistent snapshot and accepted tip, to resume from clusters.csv.state. To choose a separate persistent directory:

./target/release/bitiodine -b "$BITIODINE_BLOCKS" \
  --chain-tip "$BITIODINE_TIP" --checkpoint-dir ./cluster-state -o clusters.csv

Dump address balances on the same chain:

./target/release/bitiodine -b "$BITIODINE_BLOCKS" \
  --chain-tip "$BITIODINE_TIP" -a dump-balances -o balances.csv -v

Extract OP_RETURN data from that chain:

./target/release/bitiodine -b "$BITIODINE_BLOCKS" \
  --chain-tip "$BITIODINE_TIP" -a dataoutput-finder > data-outputs.csv

Explore the most-work candidate in the first 100 files:

./target/release/bitiodine -b "$BITIODINE_BLOCKS" \
  --max-blocks 100 -a merkle

The last command checks transaction Merkle roots on a candidate chain; it does not establish that Core accepted that chain or validate witness commitments.

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Architecture

BitIodine is structured as a library (bitiodine) and a CLI application.

High-Level System Architecture

flowchart TD
    subgraph Storage["1. Bitcoin Core Storage"]
        BLK["blk*.dat Block Files<br/>128 MB Raw Disk Chunks"]
    end

    subgraph Core["2. BitIodine Parser"]
        READ["Header Scan<br/>File Reads and XOR Decoding"]
        SEQ["Header and Offset Index<br/>Trusted Tip or Most-Work Candidate"]
        FRAMER["Selected Block Reads<br/>XOR Decoding and Framing"]
        TXP["Transaction and Witness Deserializer<br/>txid computation"]
        SCRIPT["Script Recognizer<br/>P2PK, P2PKH, P2SH, SegWit v0-v16, Taproot, OP_RETURN"]
        UTXO["Optional Library OutputMap<br/>In-Memory Unspent Output Items"]
    end

    subgraph Visitors["3. Pluggable Visitor Engine (BlockChainVisitor)"]
        CLUST["Clusterizer<br/>Union-Find DisjointSet with Equal-Value Filter"]
        RESUME["ResumableClusterizer<br/>Default CLI Clustering"]
        BAL["DumpBalances<br/>Balance Accounting Engine"]
        ADDR["DumpAddresses<br/>Address Extractor"]
        MERK["MerkleVisitor<br/>Header Merkle Root Verifier"]
        DATA["DataOutputFinder<br/>OP_RETURN Payload Extractor"]
    end

    DB["SQLite Working State<br/>UTXOs, Union-Find, Block Hashes, 144-Block Undo"]

    subgraph Sinks["4. Output Sinks"]
        CSV["CSV Files<br/>clusters.csv / balances.csv"]
        STDOUT["Stdout Stream"]
        LOGS["Logger & Metrics"]
    end

    BLK --> READ
    READ --> SEQ
    SEQ --> FRAMER
    FRAMER --> TXP
    TXP --> SCRIPT
    TXP <--> UTXO
    TXP --> Visitors

    CLUST --> CSV
    RESUME <--> DB
    DB --> CSV
    BAL --> CSV
    ADDR --> STDOUT
    MERK --> LOGS
    DATA --> STDOUT

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Visitor Event Lifecycle & Traversal Flow

The following diagram describes the general walk API. walk_clusterizer_resumable uses the same parser callbacks, but its visitor reads and spends UTXOs through SQLite and returns no in-memory output items. It begins a database transaction at block start; traversal commits only after block parsing and source checks succeed, and aborts the transaction on failure.

sequenceDiagram
    autonumber
    participant C as Caller
    participant BC as BlockChain Engine
    participant V as BlockChainVisitor
    participant UTXO as OutputMap (UTXO State)

    C->>BC: walk(visitor)
    Note over BC,V: Index files and select the chain before callbacks
    Note over BC,V: For each selected block in sequential height order
    BC->>V: visit_block_begin(block, height)
    Note over BC,V: For each transaction in block
    BC->>V: visit_transaction_begin(block_item)

    loop For each Transaction Input
        BC->>UTXO: Lookup & consume spent output (prev_hash, prev_index)
        UTXO-->>BC: Option(spent_output_item)
        BC->>V: visit_transaction_input(txin, block_item, tx_item, spent_output_item)
    end

    loop For each Transaction Output
        BC->>V: visit_transaction_output(txout, block_item, tx_item)
        V-->>BC: Option(OutputItem), e.g. Address and Value
        Note over BC: Stage returned output items for this transaction
    end

    BC->>V: visit_transaction_witness(input_index, item_index, item, block_item, tx_item)
    BC->>BC: Parse locktime, compute txid
    BC->>UTXO: Remove retained outputs with the same txid
    loop Each output replaced by a duplicate transaction
        BC->>V: visit_output_removed(output_item)
    end
    BC->>UTXO: Store staged outputs by txid and output index
    BC->>V: visit_transaction_end(tx, block_item, tx_item)
    BC->>V: visit_block_end(block, height, block_item)
    V-->>BC: Result

    Note over BC,V: Block-end errors abort traversal
    BC-->>C: Result(block_count, tip_hash, retained_outputs)
    C->>V: done()
    V-->>C: Result
    Note over C: Check finalization errors and flush external CSV writers

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Address Clustering Pipeline (In-Memory Library Clusterizer)

The persistent visitor applies the same transaction heuristic using database-backed Union-Find rows and canonical representatives. It does not build a second DisjointSet or UTXO map in Rust.

flowchart LR
    subgraph Inputs["Multi-Input Transaction"]
        IN1["Address A"]
        IN2["Address B"]
        IN3["Address C"]
    end

    subgraph Filter["Heuristic Filters"]
        AUTH{"Spend Rules Filter<br/>Signature required at spending block?"}
        CJ{"Equal-Value Filter<br/>3+ identical nonzero outputs?"}
    end

    subgraph UnionFind["DisjointSet (Union-Find)"]
        MAKE["make_set()"]
        FIND["find() with 2-Pass<br/>Path Compression"]
        UNION["union() by Rank"]
        FIN["finalize()<br/>Canonical Roots"]
    end

    subgraph Output["Output Clusters"]
        CLUSTER["CSV: Address, Representative Address"]
    end

    Inputs --> AUTH
    AUTH -- "No (Drop input)" --> DROP["Ignore Input"]
    AUTH -- "Yes" --> CJ
    CJ -- "Yes (Skip heuristic)" --> SKIP["Skip Transaction<br/>(Preserve Independence)"]
    CJ -- "No (Merge heuristic)" --> MAKE
    MAKE --> FIND
    FIND --> UNION
    UNION --> FIN
    FIN --> CLUSTER

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Module Breakdown

• blockchain: Discovers blk*.dat files, decodes XOR records, indexes parent links and disk offsets, and selects the supplied tip's ancestry or the most-work connected candidate before updating visitor state. Resumable clustering checks persisted ancestry and recovers from reorganizations between runs. It does not consult Core's active-chain database or follow a live node.
• cluster_store: SQLite UTXOs, Union-Find rows, per-block transactions, retained undo history, bounded page caching, and streaming CSV export.
• block & header: Borrowed block and 80-byte header views over the traversal's owned decoding buffer (version, previous block hash, Merkle root, timestamp, bits, nonce).
• transactions & script: Transaction and witness deserialization, txid computation, exact standard-script recognition, and heuristic classification of other scripts. Noncanonical CompactSize encodings and superfluous witness serialization are rejected. Witness elements are available through visitor callbacks, and Transaction::wtxid() hashes the full serialization on demand. Witness commitment and full Script validation are not provided. P2SH and witness outputs are recognized from the script in every block; activation rules apply only to clustering, at spend time.
• hash & hash160: Type-safe wrappers for hashes. Block and transaction hash display reverses the internal digest bytes; Hash160 text preserves byte order.
• visitors: Implementation of analysis plugins conforming to BlockChainVisitor.

Library API

BlockChain::read(path, max_files) is safe and returns ParseResult<BlockChain>. Use with_tip(hash) to anchor traversal. walk(&mut visitor) returns the selected block count (including genesis), selected tip hash, and retained visitor output items. It does not call done(); the caller must finalize the visitor and flush any external writers.

For persistent clustering, open a cluster_store::ClusterStore, borrow it with visitors::ResumableClusterizer::with_store, and call walk_clusterizer_resumable. This returns the full selected block count and tip; retained outputs stay in the database. ClusterStore::write_csv streams the result without constructing a global cluster map. The original visitors::Clusterizer and walk remain available for in-memory analysis.

Library callers choose their own budgets with ClusterStore::open_with_memory_limit(directory, sqlite_bytes) and BlockChain::read_with_memory_limit(blocks_dir, max_files, traversal_bytes). The former sets a process-wide SQLite heap limit; an already lower SQLite limit takes precedence. The latter bounds discovery, indexing, chain selection, and decoding, excluding visitor-owned state and retained output maps. with_memory_limit(bytes) applies that traversal budget after discovery has already completed. The CLI's available-RAM detection and budget split are not automatically applied by these library APIs.

Constructor migration: the trait's BlockChainVisitor::new() now requires Self: Default. Generic code calling V::new() needs V: BlockChainVisitor + Default; custom visitors can implement Default or use an explicit constructor instead. Existing built-in visitor constructors are unchanged. The persistent visitor requires ResumableClusterizer::with_store so that it always has a valid store.

Visitor output items belong to the UTXO tracker until spent or replaced. visit_output_removed handles historical duplicate-txid replacements; visit_block_end returns ParseResult<()> and can stop traversal on a sink or validation error. On failure, discard partially updated visitor state before retrying.

visit_transaction_witness runs after output callbacks, once per witness element, including empty elements. Empty stacks and legacy transactions emit no witness callbacks. The CompactSize and transaction parsing APIs return ParseResult, distinguishing malformed data from truncated input. File traversal errors include the source path and byte offset when available.

Build the API reference and its usage example locally:

cargo doc --locked --no-deps

Open target/doc/bitiodine/index.html. The crate-level example is also available in src/lib.rs, and the callback contract in src/visitors/mod.rs.

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Testing

Run the checks used by CI, including the library documentation example:

cargo fmt --all -- --check
cargo clippy --locked --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
cargo test --locked --all-targets --all-features
cargo test --locked --all-targets --no-default-features
cargo test --locked --doc

CI runs both test configurations on Rust 1.85 and stable. The regression suite covers chain ordering and work selection, explicit tips, XOR framing, truncated transactions, script recognition, historical balances, and CLI/sink failures. Persistent-clustering tests compare CSV and complete UTXO state with uninterrupted in-memory analysis across extension, shallow and deep reorgs, failed blocks, and memory-budget failures.

An opt-in integration test compares sampled blocks, transactions, and Merkle roots against rust-bitcoin. It only reads existing files and never starts a node or invokes RPC:

BITIODINE_BLOCKS_DIR=/path/to/blocks-snapshot \
  cargo test --locked --release --test local_data_tests -- --ignored --nocapture

Benchmarking

On Linux, run the benchmark harness against a consistent blocks directory:

./bench/bench.sh --blocks-dir "$BITIODINE_BLOCKS" 100

The final argument limits block files (default: 500). The harness measures both CSV actions and appends results to bench/results.md. It uses unanchored candidate selection. That page's existing measurements predate the correctness fixes, indexed traversal, and disk-backed clustering default; they are historical comparisons, not performance, RAM-use, or correctness guarantees for the current implementation. No performance measurements for the persistent implementation are reported here.

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Research & Academic Citation

BitIodine is based on the pioneering academic research on Bitcoin transaction graph analysis and address clustering:

BitIodine: Extracting Intelligence from the Bitcoin Network
Michele Spagnuolo, Federico Maggi, and Stefano Zanero
Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC 2014), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8437. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45472-5_29

If you use BitIodine in academic research, please cite the paper:

@inproceedings{spagnuolo2014bitiodine,
  title     = {{BitIodine}: Extracting Intelligence from the {Bitcoin} Network},
  author    = {Spagnuolo, Michele and Maggi, Federico and Zanero, Stefano},
  booktitle = {Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC)},
  series    = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume    = {8437},
  pages     = {457--468},
  year      = {2014},
  publisher = {Springer},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-662-45472-5_29}
}

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Credits

The blockchain parser architecture is based on research and code originally developed by Michele Spagnuolo (miki.it) and Mathias Svensson.