[Cilium v1.19] build: update Dockerfiles, Makefile, CI

[nddq]

Summary

Part 2 of the Cilium v1.19 upgrade (#1788).

Build infrastructure updates: Go base images, arm64 native builds, Windows Dockerfile refactor, CI workflow tweaks.

Files (15):

• controller/Dockerfile, controller/Dockerfile.gogen, controller/Dockerfile.proto, controller/Dockerfile.windows-2019, controller/Dockerfile.windows-2022
• operator/Dockerfile, operator/Dockerfile.windows-2019, operator/Dockerfile.windows-2022
• cli/Dockerfile, test/image/Dockerfile
• Makefile
• .github/workflows/golangci-lint.yaml, .github/workflows/images.yaml
• .devcontainer/devcontainer.json, .gitignore

Estimated size: ~200 lines

Depends on: #2032
Parent issue: #1788