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Scientific references

cuPhoton implements reference workflows inspired by established methods. Read the original literature and validate assumptions against the target instrument before drawing scientific conclusions.

Image subtraction and PSF matching

  • C. Alard and R. H. Lupton, “A Method for Optimal Image Subtraction,” The Astrophysical Journal, 503:325-331, 1998. doi:10.1086/305984
  • C. Alard, “Image subtraction using a space-varying kernel,” Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series, 144:363-370, 2000. doi:10.1051/aas:2000214

xPois uses Gaussian-times-polynomial bases, optional polynomial backgrounds, fit masks, and weighted least squares in this family of methods.

Image restoration and super-resolution

  • Yashil Sukurdeep, Tamás Budavári, Andrew J. Connolly, and Fausto Navarro, “ImageMM: Joint Multi-frame Image Restoration and Super-resolution,” The Astronomical Journal, 170(4), article 233, 2025. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adfb72

xImage's variance-weighted multiplicative reconstruction and robust residual weighting are based on the ImageMM approach. Its PyTorch implementation, supported options, and validation are described in the xImage component guide.

Transient classification

  • A. Inada et al., “Transformer-based Neural Network for Transient Detection without Image Subtraction,” The Astronomical Journal, 2026. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae38d8
  • T. Acero-Cuellar et al., “What's the Difference? The Potential for Convolutional Neural Networks for Transient Detection without Template Subtraction,” The Astronomical Journal, 2023. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ace9d8

xScan's pair and triplet paths compare the image-channel choices in this line of work, with a transformer-family model. Evaluate its data assumptions on the intended domain and keep related samples together when constructing training, validation, and test splits.

FITS and WCS

  • E. W. Greisen and M. R. Calabretta, “Representations of world coordinates in FITS,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, 395:1061-1075, 2002. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021326
  • M. R. Calabretta and E. W. Greisen, “Representations of celestial coordinates in FITS,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, 395:1077-1122, 2002. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021327

xRep uses Astropy for FITS headers and WCS transformations. Its shared-grid workflows can derive a north-up TAN grid or reuse an existing FITS image's celestial WCS, including supported SIP distortion.

Software references

The exact versions of Astropy, NumPy, SciPy, PyTorch, CuPy, Numba-CUDA, and other dependencies used for a result are recorded by uv.lock or the downstream environment. Cite those projects when their methods materially support a publication, and cite cuPhoton as described in CITATION.md.